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CONTROL STATEMENTS
Sequential Control:
Statements inside sequential control constructs are executed
sequentially.
- if-else Statement
- case Statement
- repeat loop
- for loop
- while loop
- do-while
- foreach
- Loop Control
- randcase Statements
if-else Statement : The if-else statement is the general form of selection statement.
case Statement : The case statement provides for multi-way branching.
repeat loop : Repeat statements can be used to repeat the execution of a statement or statement block a fixed number of times.
for loop : The for construct can be used to create loops.
while loop : The loop iterates while the condition is true.
do-while : condition is checked after loop iteration.
foreach : foreach construct specifies iteration over the elements of an single dimensional fixed-size arrays, dynamic arrays and SmartQs.
Loop Control : The break and continue statements are used for flow control within loops.
EXAMPLE : if
program main ;
integer i;
initial begin
i = 20;
if( i == 20)
$display(" I is equal to %d ",i);
else
$display(" I is not equal to %d ",i);
end
endprogram
RESULTS
I is equal to 20
EXAMPLE : case and repeat
program main ;
integer i;
initial begin
repeat(10)begin
i = $random();
case(1) begin
(i<0) :$display(" i is less than zero i==%d\n",i);
(i>0) :$display(" i is grater than zero i=%d\n",i);
(i == 0):$display(" i is equal to zero i=%d\n",i);
end
end
end
endprogram
RESULTS
i is grater than zero i=69120
i is grater than zero i=475628600
i is grater than zero i=1129920902
i is grater than zero i=773000284
i is grater than zero i=1730349006
i is grater than zero i=1674352583
i is grater than zero i=1662201030
i is grater than zero i=2044158707
i is grater than zero i=1641506755
i is grater than zero i=797919327
EXAMPLE : forloop
program for_loop;
integer count, i;
initial begin
for(count = 0, i=0; i*count<50; i++, count++)
$display("Value i = %0d\n", i);
end
endprogram
RESULTS
Value i = 0
Value i = 1
Value i = 2
Value i = 3
Value i = 4
Value i = 5
Value i = 6
Value i = 7
EXAMPLE : whileloop
program while_loop;
integer operator=0;
initial begin
while (operator<5)begin
operator += 1;
$display("Operator is %0d\n", operator);
end
end
endprogram
RESULTS
Operator is 1
Operator is 2
Operator is 3
Operator is 4
Operator is 5
EXAMPLE : dowhile
program test;
integer i = 0;
initial begin
do
begin
$display("i = %0d \n", i);
i++;
end
while (i < 10);
end
endprogram
RESULTS
i = 0
i = 1
i = 2
i = 3
i = 4
i = 5
i = 6
i = 7
i = 8
i = 9
The foreach construct specifies iteration over the elements of an array. Its argument is an identifier that designates any type of array (fixed-size, dynamic, or associative) followed by a list of loop variables enclosed in square brackets. Each loop variable corresponds to one of the dimensions of the array. The foreach construct is similar to a repeat loop that uses the array bounds to specify the repeat count instead of an expression.
The mapping of loop variables to array indexes is determined by the dimension cardinality, as described in multidimentional topic.
The foreach arranges for higher cardinality indexes to change more rapidly.
// 1 2 3 3 4 1 2 -> Dimension numbers
int A [2][3][4]; bit [3:0][2:1] B [5:1][4];
foreach( A [ i, j, k ] ) ...
foreach( B [ q, r, , s ] ) ...
The first foreach causes i to iterate from 0 to 1, j from 0 to 2, and k from 0 to 3. The second foreach causes q to iterate from 5 to 1, r from 0 to 3, and s from 2 to 1 (iteration over the third index is skipped).
EXAMPLE : foeach
program example;
string names[$]={"Hello", "SV"};
int fxd_arr[2][3] = '{'{1,2,3},'{4,5,6}};
initial begin
foreach (names[i])
$display("Value at index %0d is %0s\n", i, names[i]);
foreach(fxd_arr[,j])
$display(fxd_arr[1][j]);
end
endprogram
RESULTS
Value at index 0 is Hello
Value at index 1 is SV
4
5
6
EXAMPLE : randcase
program rand_case;
integer i;
initial begin
repeat(10)begin
randcase
begin
10: i=1;
20: i=2;
50: i=3;
end
$display(" i is %d \n",i);end
end
endprogram
RESULTS
i is 3
i is 2
i is 3
i is 3
i is 3
i is 3
i is 1
i is 1
i is 1
i is 2
Enhanced For Loop
In Verilog, the variable used to control a for loop must be declared prior to the loop. If loops in two or more parallel procedures use the same loop control variable, there is a potential of one loop modifying the variable while other loops are still using it.
SystemVerilog adds the ability to declare the for loop control variable within the for loop. This creates a local variable within the loop. Other parallel loops cannot inadvertently affect the loop control variable.
For example:
module foo;
initial begin
for (int i = 0; i <= 255; i++)
...
end
initial begin
loop2: for (int i = 15; i >= 0; i--)
...
end
endmodule
Unique:
A unique if asserts that there is no overlap in a series of if...else...if conditions, i.e., they are mutually exclusive and hence it is safe for the expressions to be evaluated in parallel. In a unique if, it shall be legal for a condition to be evaluated at any time after entrance into the series and before the value of the condition is needed. A unique if shall be illegal if, for any such interleaving of evaluation and use of the conditions, more than one condition is true. For an illegal unique if, an implementation shall be required to issue a warning, unless it can demonstrate a legal interleaving so that no more than one condition is true.
EXAMPLE :
module uniq;
initial
begin
for (int a = 0;a< 6;a++)
unique if ((a==0) || (a==1) ) $display("0 or 1");
else if (a == 2) $display("2");
else if (a == 4) $display("4"); // values 3,5,6 cause a warning
end
endmodule
RESULTS:
0 or 1
0 or 1
2
RT Warning: No condition matches in 'unique if' statement.
4
RT Warning: No condition matches in 'unique if' statement.
Priority:
A priority if indicates that a series of if...else...if conditions shall be evaluated in the order listed. In the preceding example, if the variable a had a value of 0, it would satisfy both the first and second conditions, requiring priority logic. An implementation shall also issue a warning if it determines that no condition is true, or it is possible that no condition is true, and the final if does not have a corresponding else.
EXAMPLE:
module prioriti;
initial
for(int a = 0;a<7;a++)
priority if (a[2:1]==0) $display("0 or 1");
else if (a[2] == 0) $display("2 or 3");
else $display("4 to 7"); //covers all other possible values, so no warning
endmodule
RESULTS:
0 or 1
0 or 1
2 or 3
2 or 3
4 to 7
4 to 7
4 to 7
If the case is qualified as priority or unique, the simulator shall issue a warning message if no case item matches. These warnings can be issued at either compile time or run time, as soon as it is possible to determine the illegal condition.
EXAMPLE:
module casee;
initial
begin
for(int a = 0;a<4;a++)
unique case(a) // values 3,5,6,7 cause a warning
0,1: $display("0 or 1");
2: $display("2");
4: $display("4");
endcase
for(int a = 0;a<4;a++)
priority casez(a) // values 4,5,6,7 cause a warning
3'b00?: $display("0 or 1");
3'b0??: $display("2 or 3");
endcase
end
endmodule
RESULTS:
0 or 1
0 or 1
2
Warning: No condition matches in 'unique case' statement.
0 or 1
0 or 1
2 or 3
2 or 3
Sequential Control:
Statements inside sequential control constructs are executed
sequentially.
- if-else Statement
- case Statement
- repeat loop
- for loop
- while loop
- do-while
- foreach
- Loop Control
- randcase Statements
if-else Statement : The if-else statement is the general form of selection statement.
case Statement : The case statement provides for multi-way branching.
repeat loop : Repeat statements can be used to repeat the execution of a statement or statement block a fixed number of times.
for loop : The for construct can be used to create loops.
while loop : The loop iterates while the condition is true.
do-while : condition is checked after loop iteration.
foreach : foreach construct specifies iteration over the elements of an single dimensional fixed-size arrays, dynamic arrays and SmartQs.
Loop Control : The break and continue statements are used for flow control within loops.
EXAMPLE : if
program main ;
integer i;
initial begin
i = 20;
if( i == 20)
$display(" I is equal to %d ",i);
else
$display(" I is not equal to %d ",i);
end
endprogram
RESULTS
I is equal to 20
EXAMPLE : case and repeat
program main ;
integer i;
initial begin
repeat(10)begin
i = $random();
case(1) begin
(i<0) :$display(" i is less than zero i==%d\n",i);
(i>0) :$display(" i is grater than zero i=%d\n",i);
(i == 0):$display(" i is equal to zero i=%d\n",i);
end
end
end
endprogram
RESULTS
i is grater than zero i=69120
i is grater than zero i=475628600
i is grater than zero i=1129920902
i is grater than zero i=773000284
i is grater than zero i=1730349006
i is grater than zero i=1674352583
i is grater than zero i=1662201030
i is grater than zero i=2044158707
i is grater than zero i=1641506755
i is grater than zero i=797919327
EXAMPLE : forloop
program for_loop;
integer count, i;
initial begin
for(count = 0, i=0; i*count<50; i++, count++)
$display("Value i = %0d\n", i);
end
endprogram
RESULTS
Value i = 0
Value i = 1
Value i = 2
Value i = 3
Value i = 4
Value i = 5
Value i = 6
Value i = 7
EXAMPLE : whileloop
program while_loop;
integer operator=0;
initial begin
while (operator<5)begin
operator += 1;
$display("Operator is %0d\n", operator);
end
end
endprogram
RESULTS
Operator is 1
Operator is 2
Operator is 3
Operator is 4
Operator is 5
EXAMPLE : dowhile
program test;
integer i = 0;
initial begin
do
begin
$display("i = %0d \n", i);
i++;
end
while (i < 10);
end
endprogram
RESULTS
i = 0
i = 1
i = 2
i = 3
i = 4
i = 5
i = 6
i = 7
i = 8
i = 9
The foreach construct specifies iteration over the elements of an array. Its argument is an identifier that designates any type of array (fixed-size, dynamic, or associative) followed by a list of loop variables enclosed in square brackets. Each loop variable corresponds to one of the dimensions of the array. The foreach construct is similar to a repeat loop that uses the array bounds to specify the repeat count instead of an expression.
The mapping of loop variables to array indexes is determined by the dimension cardinality, as described in multidimentional topic.
The foreach arranges for higher cardinality indexes to change more rapidly.
// 1 2 3 3 4 1 2 -> Dimension numbers
int A [2][3][4]; bit [3:0][2:1] B [5:1][4];
foreach( A [ i, j, k ] ) ...
foreach( B [ q, r, , s ] ) ...
The first foreach causes i to iterate from 0 to 1, j from 0 to 2, and k from 0 to 3. The second foreach causes q to iterate from 5 to 1, r from 0 to 3, and s from 2 to 1 (iteration over the third index is skipped).
EXAMPLE : foeach
program example;
string names[$]={"Hello", "SV"};
int fxd_arr[2][3] = '{'{1,2,3},'{4,5,6}};
initial begin
foreach (names[i])
$display("Value at index %0d is %0s\n", i, names[i]);
foreach(fxd_arr[,j])
$display(fxd_arr[1][j]);
end
endprogram
RESULTS
Value at index 0 is Hello
Value at index 1 is SV
4
5
6
EXAMPLE : randcase
program rand_case;
integer i;
initial begin
repeat(10)begin
randcase
begin
10: i=1;
20: i=2;
50: i=3;
end
$display(" i is %d \n",i);end
end
endprogram
RESULTS
i is 3
i is 2
i is 3
i is 3
i is 3
i is 3
i is 1
i is 1
i is 1
i is 2
Enhanced For Loop
In Verilog, the variable used to control a for loop must be declared prior to the loop. If loops in two or more parallel procedures use the same loop control variable, there is a potential of one loop modifying the variable while other loops are still using it.
SystemVerilog adds the ability to declare the for loop control variable within the for loop. This creates a local variable within the loop. Other parallel loops cannot inadvertently affect the loop control variable.
For example:
module foo;
initial begin
for (int i = 0; i <= 255; i++)
...
end
initial begin
loop2: for (int i = 15; i >= 0; i--)
...
end
endmodule
Unique:
A unique if asserts that there is no overlap in a series of if...else...if conditions, i.e., they are mutually exclusive and hence it is safe for the expressions to be evaluated in parallel. In a unique if, it shall be legal for a condition to be evaluated at any time after entrance into the series and before the value of the condition is needed. A unique if shall be illegal if, for any such interleaving of evaluation and use of the conditions, more than one condition is true. For an illegal unique if, an implementation shall be required to issue a warning, unless it can demonstrate a legal interleaving so that no more than one condition is true.
EXAMPLE :
module uniq;
initial
begin
for (int a = 0;a< 6;a++)
unique if ((a==0) || (a==1) ) $display("0 or 1");
else if (a == 2) $display("2");
else if (a == 4) $display("4"); // values 3,5,6 cause a warning
end
endmodule
RESULTS:
0 or 1
0 or 1
2
RT Warning: No condition matches in 'unique if' statement.
4
RT Warning: No condition matches in 'unique if' statement.
Priority:
A priority if indicates that a series of if...else...if conditions shall be evaluated in the order listed. In the preceding example, if the variable a had a value of 0, it would satisfy both the first and second conditions, requiring priority logic. An implementation shall also issue a warning if it determines that no condition is true, or it is possible that no condition is true, and the final if does not have a corresponding else.
EXAMPLE:
module prioriti;
initial
for(int a = 0;a<7;a++)
priority if (a[2:1]==0) $display("0 or 1");
else if (a[2] == 0) $display("2 or 3");
else $display("4 to 7"); //covers all other possible values, so no warning
endmodule
RESULTS:
0 or 1
0 or 1
2 or 3
2 or 3
4 to 7
4 to 7
4 to 7
If the case is qualified as priority or unique, the simulator shall issue a warning message if no case item matches. These warnings can be issued at either compile time or run time, as soon as it is possible to determine the illegal condition.
EXAMPLE:
module casee;
initial
begin
for(int a = 0;a<4;a++)
unique case(a) // values 3,5,6,7 cause a warning
0,1: $display("0 or 1");
2: $display("2");
4: $display("4");
endcase
for(int a = 0;a<4;a++)
priority casez(a) // values 4,5,6,7 cause a warning
3'b00?: $display("0 or 1");
3'b0??: $display("2 or 3");
endcase
end
endmodule
RESULTS:
0 or 1
0 or 1
2
Warning: No condition matches in 'unique case' statement.
0 or 1
0 or 1
2 or 3
2 or 3
Index
Introduction
Data Types
Literals
Strings
Userdefined Datatypes
Enumarations
Structures And Uniouns
Typedef
Arrays
Array Methods
Dynamic Arrays
Associative Arrays
Queues
Comparison Of Arrays
Linked List
Casting
Data Declaration
Reg And Logic
Operators 1
Operators 2
Operator Precedency
Events
Control Statements
Program Block
Procedural Blocks
Fork Join
Fork Control
Subroutines
Semaphore
Mailbox
Fine Grain Process Control
Report a Bug or Comment on This section - Your input is what keeps Testbench.in improving with time!
Introduction
Data Types
Literals
Strings
Userdefined Datatypes
Enumarations
Structures And Uniouns
Typedef
Arrays
Array Methods
Dynamic Arrays
Associative Arrays
Queues
Comparison Of Arrays
Linked List
Casting
Data Declaration
Reg And Logic
Operators 1
Operators 2
Operator Precedency
Events
Control Statements
Program Block
Procedural Blocks
Fork Join
Fork Control
Subroutines
Semaphore
Mailbox
Fine Grain Process Control
Report a Bug or Comment on This section - Your input is what keeps Testbench.in improving with time!